Ethereum transaction fees are paid as gas fees in ETH. Every transfer or smart contract call consumes gas.
Fees change with network demand. When blocks are full, users often pay higher fees to get included sooner.
Since EIP-1559 (London, 2021), fees include a base fee (burned) plus an optional priority fee (tip).
- Ethereum transitioned from Proof-of-Work to Proof-of-Stake during The Merge (September 2022), cutting energy use by about 99%.
- Shanghai/Capella (2023) enabled staking withdrawals, increasing flexibility for validators.
- Ethereum upgrades: Frontier (2015), Constantinople & Istanbul (2019), London (2021), The Merge (2022), Shanghai/Capella (2023).
- Recent roadmap entries include Pectra (2025) and Fusaka (2025), focused on scalability and rollup throughput.
24h range: low $3,181.67 and high $3,367.17. All-time high: $4,953.73.